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$() - is an alias for document.querySelector(). It allows you to select the first element that matches a given CSS selector. For example, $('div') would return the first div element on the page.
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$$() - is an alias for document.querySelectorAll(). It returns an array of all elements that match a given CSS selector. For example, $$('div') would return all div elements on the page.
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$0, $1, $2, ... $n - are references to the elements you have recently selected in the Elements panel. $0 represents the most recently selected element, $1 represents the second most recent, and so on.
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$_ - represents the value of the most recently evaluated expression in the console.
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$x() - allows you to query the DOM using XPath expressions. For example, $x("//div") would return all div elements on the page.